For the past 20 years or so, we've seen a growing demand for accountability in the public and nonprofit sectors. It's not enough to document your program's outputs—say, the number of students who took ...

Computational models of molecular and gene networks are now commonplace. They are becoming larger and more complex, and are based on various approaches. Standard formats permit the sharing and reuse ...

The term "reasoning" is a familiar metaphor in today's artificial intelligence (AI) technology, often used to describe the verbose outputs generated by so-called reasoning AI models such as OpenAI's ...

Occasionally one may hear that a data model is “over-normalized,” but just what does that mean? Normalization is intended to analyze the functional dependencies across a set of data. The goal is to ...

Over the last decade, artificial intelligence (AI) has been largely built around large language models (LLMs). These systems are based on a language and guess words in a chain in the form of tokens.